1882: James Augustine Joyce [JAJ], b. 6.00 a.m., 2 Feb. (Candlemas), 41 Brighton Square West, Rathgar, and bapt. by Rev. John O’Mulloy, 5 Feb. St Joseph’s Chapel of Ease (later Church of St. Joseph’s), Roundtown, Terenure; godf. Philip McCann (orig. of Dundalk; owner of ship’s chandler on Burgh Quay); eldest son of John Stanislaus Joyce ([JSJ; 1849-1931; b. Cork] and called by JAJ ‘the silliest man I ever knew’ (letter to Harriet Shaw Weaver [HSW], 1 Jan. 1932), and Mary Jane (“May”) Joyce, née Murray; the Joyces putatively descended from Thomas de Jorce who arrived in Ireland in 13th c.; JAJ’s paternal grandfather married Ellen, a 2nd cousin of Daniel O’Connell; JSJ, an only son; JSJ appt. Collector of Rates, Inns Quay and Rotunda Wards, 1880 in return for role in election of Liberal candidates; m. May Murray (1859-1903), 15 May 1880, she being ten years younger; Mrs. Joyce endured fifteen pregnancies, 1881-1894, bearing 4 boys and 6 girls with three misbirths [see family]; William O’Connell of Cork (aka Uncle Bill; ‘Uncle Charles’ in A Portrait) joins family for 6-yr stay, some time after death of wife in 1881; also in residence, Mrs. ‘Dante’ Conway (née Hearn; d. 1896), previously a nun in Pennsylvania, leaving the order on inheriting £48,000 at death of her brs. in the colonies; later victim of a large-scale theft of funds by her absconding husband (Conway; m. 1875); Joyce family moves to 23 Castlewood Ave., 1884; moves again to 1 Martello Tce., Bray, May, 1887; neighbours. incl. James Noy Vance (chemist) and family, 4 Martello Tce. (facing); primary ed. at with Eileen [Eleanor] Vance, at Miss Raynor’s kindergarten, Bray; guests there incl. Alf Bergan, Tom Devin, and John Kelly, a convicted Land Leaguer [Fenian], imprisoned under Crimes Act, during Dec., 1887-Jan. 1888, and friend of Tim Harrington (Lord Mayor); JAJ sings in Bray Boat Club Concert at Edward Breslin’s Hotel (Quinnsborough Rd.) with parents, 26 June 1888, his first public performance;

1888: photographed in sailor suit, aetat. 6, without glasses [Buffalo U. Library Coll.]; JAJ enters Clongowes Wood School, 1 Sept. 1888 (£25 p.a.) under rectorship of Fr. John S. Conmee (‘a bland and courtly humanist’ - as Joyce told Gorman); the youngest in the school; experiences homesickness and placed in infirmary under Nanny Galvin; studies Ratio Studiorum of Jesuits liberally adapted to state examinations; faces down Fr. James Daly (Dolan in A Portrait) over broken glasses; makes First Communion, 21 April 1889; takes piano lessons from Edward Haughton, 1889-91; later confirmed as Aloysius, [March] 1891; falls ill and moved to Infirmary, Spring 1891; plays imp in Aladdin in school play; Fr. Devitt appt. Rector; JAJ regarded as the most gifted pupil, though takes showing signs of irreligion; JSJ travels to Cork to canvas tenants’ votes for Parnellites in General Election; incurs reproof from Rates Office, July 1891; JAJ writes “Et Tu Healy”, following death of Parnell (7 Oct. 1891), being printed by his father (at Alley & O’Reilly off Bolton St.), a sent copy to the Vatican (‘Why shouldn’t I remember it? Didn’t I pay for the printing of it, and didn’t I send a copy to the Pope?’); JAJ comes home from Clongowes, [prob.] to convalesce after illness, Oct.-Nov. 1891 [Ellmann: removed from Clongowes, June 1891]; JAJ and Stanislaus taken to see Danby’s painting “The Opening of the Seventh Seal”, at National Gallery of Ireland; family moves to 23 Carysfort Ave., Blackrock (“Leoville”), after 26 Nov. 1891 (b. of Eva) or beginning of 1892 [note]; Christmas Day dinner-table fracas involving JSJ, John Kelly and Dante, at Carysfort Ave., 1891 [Ellmann: Martello Tce]; Mrs. Conway leaves household four days after; Uncle Bill returns to Cork, 26 Aug., 1892; JAJ studies at home, independently and with mother’s help; attempts a novel associates with neighbouring boy Aubrey Raynold; JSJ appears in Stubbs Gazette and is suspended from work, Nov. 1892;

1893: JSJ loses Collector of Rates post during when Dublin Corporation rationalises, effective 1 Jan. 1893; receives pension of £132.2.4 [poss. secured by personal appeal of Mrs. Joyce]; family moves to 14 Fitzgibbon St. after period in lodgings at 29 Hardwicke St., winter 1892-93 [not before Oct. 1892]; JAJ briefly attends Christian Brothers [CBS], N. Richmond St., 1892-93; JSJ disposes of last Cork properties, Feb. 1893, for purposes of repaying Reuben J. Dodd, bringing JAJ with him to that city; JSJ & JAJ also visiting Youghal, encountering [his godfather] Philip McCann on train home; JAJ enters Belvedere College (built by George Rochfort, 2nd Earl; 1775), 6 April 1893, through personal kindness of Fr. Conmee, S.J., then Director of Studies under the rectorship of Fr. Wheeler; gave his energy to weekly essays for Mr. George Dempsey; reads Charles Lamb’s The Adventures of Ulysses as part of Intermediate Syllabus (Preparatory level); also sel. from Ovid and Caesar, English romantic poetry and poems of Samuel Ferguson; sale of Cork property, Dec. 1893; death of mat. g.f., 3 March 1894 (of stroke-paralysis); JAJ attends Araby Bazaar at RDS, Ballsbridge, and witnessed returning distressed by W. G. Fallon, 19 May 1894; family moves to Millbourne Avenue, Drumcondra, summer 1894; JAJ wins £20 prize in Intermediate Examinations, June 1894; lends sums to siblings and treats parents to meal at Jammet’s and travels to Glasgow with JSJ, summer 1894; death of John Murray, birth and death of Freddie (18-30 July 1894); JAJ interrupts JSJ’s violent attack on his mother by jumping on his back; Fr. William Henry appt. rector of Belvedere, Sept. 1894; Intermediate Prize of £20 for three years, 1895; JAJ offered and refuses a school place with Dominicans nr. Dublin; defends Byron against Albrecht Connolly (‘Heron’ in AP) and others, in controversy sparked by laureate Alfred Austin’s diatribe against the ‘feminine’ poetry of Morris & Tennyson; admitted by election to Sodality of Blessed Virgin under directorship of Fr. Henry, 7 Dec. 1895;

1896: death of John Kelly, of TB, 13 April & bur. 16 April 1896; Joyce family moves to 13 N. Richmond St. [var. 17], off N. Circular Rd., summer 1896 (new neighbours incl. Boardmans and Long John Clancy); JAJ appt. Sodality Prefect (Praeces), 25 Sept. 1896; engages in ‘spanking match’ with maid servant at home [poss. model for Mary O’Driscoll in Ulysses], resulting in the discharge of the servant after the rector (Fr. Henry) elicits the information from Stanislaus; death of Mrs. Conway, 16 Nov.; family moves to 29 Windsor Ave., Fairview, autumn 1896-summer 1899; attends A Royal Divorce with his father, autumn 1896; hears ‘hellfire’ sermon at Belvedere retreat given by Fr. James A. Cullen, 30 Nov. 1896; JAJ undergoes pious reformation, 1897; pens early version of “Matcham’s Masterstroke” for Titbits (later bestowed on Leopold Bloom); writes Silhouettes, prose sketches in first person, and composes poems for collection to be called Moods (c.1898) - both spoken of by Stanislaus, both lost; scores 13 out of 49 placed students in Intermediate, 1897, with prize of £30 for 2 yrs.; £3 for best English composition in that grade in Ireland; Sunday evening visits to home of David Sheehy and family, 2 Belvedere Place; poss. attraction to Mary, the youngest (m. Tom Kettle); sings humorous songs and English ballads chez Sheehys; reads George Meredith and Thomas Hardy in copies from Capel St. Library, often borrowed for him by Stanislaus; reads Ibsen, whose spirit he encounters in a moment of ‘radiant simultaneity’ (Stephen Hero) and in whom he finds ‘a spirit of wayward boyish beauty’; also Shaw and other critics of moral conventionalism; sports ivy leaf on anniversary of death of Parnell (6 Oct. 1897); purchases copy of Imitation of Christ (Thomas à Kempis) with Intermediate prize money, 26 Oct. 1897;

1898: death of JAJ’s godfather Philip McCann [Mr Fulham of Stephen Hero], 12 Jan. 1898; offered Jesuit novitiacy by Fr. Henry, director of studies at Belvedere, and refuses; plays Dr. Grimstone, headmaster of Crichton, in Anstey’s Vice Versa, affecting Fr. Henry’s manner; refuses to attend bishops’ cathetical examination [err. Catholic studies] as less important and denied permission to sit the Intermediate until his French teacher MacErlaine intercedes; fails to win new exhibition but takes English composition prize of £4, judged by Prof. William Magennis (UCD); encounters prostitute on return from the play Sweet Briar (1898) [Ellmann err. 1896], and prob. frequents prostitutes thereafter; confesses with Carmelite Franciscans, Church Street [ante-dated to school-days for A Portrait]; Intermediate results announced 3 Sept.; JAJ wins £30 for a second year, with £4 for best essay and books to the value of £1; buys Ruskin’s Mornings in Florence with prize money, 9 Sept. 1898; JAJ enters the University College, Dublin (Royal University), Oct. 1898 after matriculation course work in Sept. 1898; completes essay on “Force”, 27 Sept. 1898; joins course in Modern Languages, mostly subscribed by women (‘the Ladies' course’: Costello); reads at Capel St. Library, where modern fiction was available; studies English under Thomas Arnold and later Fr. George O’Neill, French under Edouard Cadic (bur. Glasnevin), and Italian under Fr. Charles Ghezzi; rates Dante above Milton; meets Vincent Cosgrave, shrewd but feckless, and later suicide victim in the Thames; also John Francis (Jeff) Byrne (resp. Lynch & Cranly in Portrait, the latter only appearing in Ulysses); George Clancy, with whom he engages in mock-duels in M. Cadic’s classroom (Davin in Portrait; living at Grantham St.; shot by Black & Tans, 1921); Francis Skeffington (nickname “Knickerbockers”; McCann in A Portrait, d.1916); Constantine Curran, and Thomas Kettle;

1899: JAJ first speaks at UCD Literary & Historical Society (L. & H.), Jan. 1899; elected to Exec. Comm., 18 Feb. 1899; lost narrowly to Louis J. Walsh in election for post of Treasurer, 21 March 1899; attends Sudermann’s Magda, brought to Dublin by Mrs. Campbell, March 1899 and with parents and foretells ‘genius breaking out’ in his own home; compelled by Yeats’s The Countess Cathleen (Antient Concert Rooms, 8 May 1899 [première]), which he watches from the ‘gods ’, hearing Florence Farr sing the lyric “Who Goes with Fergus?”, and claps vigorously though surrounded by Irish-Ireland protesters incl. Skeffington, who objected to the representation of the ‘type of our people [as] a loathesome brood of apostates’ in the Freeman’s Journal (10 May 1899); JAJ refuses to sign the petition-letter; family temporarily lodging for summer at Convent Ave., Fairview, 1899 [viz., 225 Richmond Rd.], May 1899; JAJ commences reading in National Library; JAJ writes review-article “Ecce Homo” on Munkacsy’s painting shown at RHA (presum. for Fr. Finlay’s New Ireland Review; makes contact with W. L. Courtney, ed. of Fortnightly Review, early Oct. 1899 (effected by George Dempsey, acc. Eugene Sheehy); family moves to 13 Richmond Ave., Fairview, sharing the big house with Richard Hughes and family, Oct. 1899; JAJ attends trial of Samuel Childs for murder of his br. at Bengal Tce. (Glasnevin), defended by Seymour Bushe, Oct. 1899;

1900: JAJ complete “Drama and Life”, 10 Jan. (MS Cornell UL), and delivers same after inspection by Fr. Delany, Pres. of UCD, at L. & H., 20 Jan. 1900 (‘That was magnificent, but you’re raving mad!’); informed by Courtney that he could not take his article on When We Dead Awaken, 19 Jan. 1899; attends Martyn’s The Bending of the Bough (Feb. 1900); receives notice of change of plan from Courtney, 4 Feb. 1899, his review-article consequently appearing as “Ibsen’s New Drama” in Fortnightly Review (1 April 1900); received 12 guineas in payment a week later and visits London with his father; contacts Courtney and lunches with William Archer, the translator of Ibsen; weekend of 15 April (JSJ offering unwelcome pro-Boer comments); plays part of villain in student prod. of Cupid’s Confidant (reviewed by J. B. Hall in Freeman’s Journal); learns of Ibsen’s appreciative appraisal of same (‘velvellig’; letter to Archer, 18 April), 25 April 1900; embarks on learning Norwegian with a view to writing to the master (as he does in March 1901); family moves with the Hughes to to 8 Royal Tce., Fairview, May 1900; JAJ re-elected to L. & H. Committee but loses Auditorship election to Hugh Kennedy (later Chief Justice of Ireland), May 1900; his attendance at public meeting on Irish language in education (‘School and the Nation’) recorded in An Claidheamh Soluis, May 1900; visits London alone, attends music halls (‘music hall, not poetry, is the criticism of life’) and sees Eleanora Duse in La Gioconda (Lyceum) and La Città Morta, sending her a eulogistic poem; reintroduces himself to Archer (who has to be reminded who he is in a second note) and lunches with him at his club, May 1900; travels to Mullingar with JSJ and Stanislaus to straighten out elector lists at behest of Dublin solicitor, summer 1900; lodge with photographer Shaw, who has a model [like Milly in Ulysses]; reads D’Annunzio’s The Child of Pleaure, and soon after his La Gloria and Sogno da Tramonto Autumno; writes A Brilliant Career, set in Mullingar and dealing with young doctor facing epidemic (‘To My Own Soul I dedicate the first true work of my life’; Letters, Vol. II. pp.7-8); sends play to William Archer, 30 Aug. 1900; reading Gerhart Hauptmann; receives a letter of rejection from Archer, 15 Sept. [characters ‘not sufficiently individualised’]; family moves to 32 Glengarriff Parade (NCR/Drumcondra), autumn 1900; takes English, French, Italian and Logic for BA Hons., with texts incl. Sweet’s Anglo-Saxon Primer, Byron and Arnold, Dante’s Purgatorio and Tasso’s Gerusalemme Liberata; reading Huysman’s La Bas and Horton’s Book of Images; writes earliest of the “epiphanies”, poss. autumn 1900, at Glengarriff Parade [see Stanislaus Joyce, MBK];

1901: JAJ appears as stereotyped villain in an amateur production of his Margaret Sheehy’s Cupid’s Confidante, and greeted as a ‘revelation of amateur acting’ by the Evening Telegraph, Jan. 1901; contemplated stage-career as “George Brown” (pseud.; after Giordano Bruno); writes letter to Henrik Ibsen in Norwegian (March 1901); reading Col. Olcott’s Theosophical Studies and Tolstoy’s The Fruits of Enlightenment, May 1901; attends Soldality Literary Conference meeting on Canon Sheenhan, 1 June 1901; revisits Mullingar with JSJ, summer 1901; trans. Hauptmann’s Vor Sonnenaufgang as Before Sunrise, completing it by 23 July 1901; translates Hauptmann’s Michael Kramer, summer 1901; JAJ sends Shine and Dark [named after a line by Whitman] to Archer and is discouraged from publication, Sept. 1901 [‘as yet more temperament than anything else in your work’; writes the first of his epiphanies (Stanislaus accidentally preserving them by writing his commonplace book on the verso); writes “The Day of the Rabblement”, 14 Oct. 1901, protesting against the provincialism of the Irish Literary Theatre on learning in the first issue of Samhain that Casadh an tSugáin (Hyde) and Diarmuid and Grania (Moore/Yeats) were to be staged in the third and final season; article refused by St. Stephen’s censor Fr. Henry Browne (patron of Sodality Literary Conference) as including reference to Il Fuoco, then on the Vatican banned index, and self-published by Joyce along with a feminist tract by Francis Sheehy Skeffington, Nov. 1901 (85 copies printed by Gerrard Bros., St. Stephen's Green @ 2d.); noticed by W. G. Fay in letter United Irishman (2 Nov. 1901), pleading that the Irish Literary Theatre ‘still hopes’ to stage continental drama, thge obstacle being ‘mainly a matter of money.’ reading W. M. Adams’s The House of the Hidden Places (on Egyptian religion), works of Mangan, Yeats’s John Sherman, Verlaine’s Les Poètes Maudits, and Fogazzaro’s Piccolo Mondo Antico; JAJ attends John F. Taylor’s rhetorical defence of Irish language, Law Students’s Debating Soc., 24 Oct., 1901;

1902: JAJ writes a second play, Dream Stuff, in verse; gives paper on J. C. Mangan at L. & H., 1 Feb. 1902 (printed in St Stephen’s, Vol. 1, No. 6, May 1902, pp.116-18), and answered by Hugh Kennedy; death of George, 3 May, bur. 5 May 1902 [Ellmann var. d. 9 March], after protracted illness [falling ill on 13 March]; JAJ omits Easter duties, May 1902; walks to home of George Russell (AE) in Garville Ave., Rathgar, 18 August 1902; registers for St Cecilia’s Medical school, Dublin, 2 Oct.; meets W. B. Yeats, then returned from London, at the National Library, as arranged with Russell, and repairs to a café in O’Connell St. [acc. by Yeats], Oct. 1902 [Ellmann; var. Oct. Foster]; inspired by Yeats, JAJ read Joachim de Fiore [or Abbas da Floris] in the ‘stagnant bay’ of Marsh’s Library, 22-23 Oct., 1902 (Vaticinia, siue Prophetiae Abbastis Joachimi [… &c.]; Venice 1589); sits BA Hons. exams, 6 Oct.; JAJ grad. BA Arts, Pass, Royal Univ., 30 Oct. 1902 [var. 31]; JAJ appears to have burnt his juvenile works at about this time (summer 1902); JSJ commutes half his pension to buy house at 7 St Peter’s Tce. [now 5 St Peter’s Rd., Cabra], 24 Oct. 1902; photographed in graduation gown, 31 Oct. 1902 [Buffalo U. Collection]; JAJ makes application to Faculté de médecine, Univ. of Paris, 18 Nov. 1902; writes to Lady Gregory (‘I have found no man yet with a faith like mine’) and receives £5; visits E. V. Longworth (ed. Daily Express), to whom she writes on his behalf; borrows from others before leaving for Paris, 2 Dec. 1902; met by W. B. Yeats off the Irish Mail [Euston Station] and taken by him to the Academy, the Speaker and to Arthur Symons’s flat, where he formed a good impression; arrives Gare St Lazaire, Paris, 3 Dec., settles at Grand Hôtel Corneille, 5 rue Corneille (Rive Gauche); dines with Dr. Jacques Rivière on intro. of Dr. Maclagan; writes book review for Daily Express (‘dully expressed’, FW500.15-16), from 4 Dec. 1902; though technically ineligible, attends first medical class, Paris Univ., [7] Dec. 1902; offered full-time position at Scuola Berlitz; review of works of George Meredith and William Rooney (Daily Express, 11 Dec.); visits Joseph Casey (Kevin Egan in Ulysses), a Clerkenwell malefactor and ex-prisoner, now typesetter with New York Herald (Paris Edn.), with his son Patrice, at rue Goutte-d’Or in Montmartre; explores Berlitz teaching (£7.10.0 p.m.) and undertakes to teach Joseph Douce privately (£1 p.m.); mortgage raised on house in Cabra to secure his ticket home, arriving 23 Dec. 1902; finds he has alienated Byrne by sending doggerel obscenity on postcard to Cosgrave simultaneously with another to him, holding a poem, 15 Dec.; meets Oliver St. John Gogarty at the counter of the National Library (‘gay betrayer’); fails to be appointed Irish Times correspondent;

1903: JAJ departs for Paris again, Jan 17, 1903; stops over in London, 18-22 Dec.; visit C. Lewis Hind (ed., Academy), supplies sample copy of reviews, and is refused; offered post as Paris correspondent on Men and Women (ed. George R. Sims); stays at Kennington and frequents one Eve Leslie; attends race-course; visits Lady Gregory and O’Connell cousin (s. of William); reaches Paris, 23 Jan. 1903; secures 6-month admission card [reader’s ticket] to Bibliothèque Nationale, 24 Jan. 1903, reading there in the afternoons; review of Stephen Gwynn, Ireland Today and Tomorrow (Daily Express, 29 Jan.); visits St Cloud suburb on 21st birthday; attends Sarah Bernhardt première, 8 Feb.; reading Ben Jonson; studies Aristotle in St. Hilaire’s trans. in Bibliothèque Ste. Geneviève, reading there in the evenings, and commences entries in his “Paris Notebook” [Gorman, 1939, pp.96-99], 13 Feb. 1903 [‘Desire is the feeling …’; &c.]; meets J. M. Synge, a co-resident at Hôtel Corneille, Monday, March 9th [var. 8 March], and several times after, dining in an economical bistro at St. André des Arts [vide ‘Harsh gargoyle face … palabras’, in Ulysses]; JAJ criticises Riders to the Sea as insufficiently Aristotelian on receiving typescript from Synge - later borrowing a copy from Sylvia Beach’s shop at his first visit there in 1920; shares picnic trips with Synge to Clamart and Charenton before Synge leaves Paris on 13 March 1903; travels to Nogent, and to Tours, with Chown (Siamese); acquires Les Laurier sont Coupés by Dujardin, at railway kiosk (later identified as the source of parole intèrior); reviews of Ibsen and Lady Gregory’s Poets and Dreamers (Daily Express, 26 March 1903; untypically over author’s initials); receives fateful telegram [‘mother dying come home father’]; borrows 375 frs. from Douce (repaid by JSJ as £3); leaves Paris for London, 11 April 1903; quarrels with Longworth and ends reviewing; attended law classes; returned to St. Cecilia’s but left again; sought support from Dowden for post at National Library (‘extraordinary [but] quite unsuitable’); projects newspaper (The Goblin) with Skeffington; May Joyce d. 13 Aug. 1903 [in Ulysses bur. on 26 April 1903; vide Bodley Head Edn., 1960, p.815]; with Stanislaus, burns her courtship letters from JSJ; bouts of dissipation in Nighttown follow (documented by Stanislaus); writes letter to Irish Times protesting at treatment of French sailors in N. Africa arising from colonial venture of Jacques Lebaudy (unprinted); resumes reviewing for Daily Express but is angrily dismissed by Longworth; JAJ begins to ‘drink riotously’ [MBK, 240];

1904 (Jan.-July): JAJ attends classes in law and medicine; crashes literary party given by Lady Gregory and partly-snubs hostess; called ‘a beggar’ by George Moore, who appraises his poetry with the word ‘Symons’; takes singing lessons from Benedetto Palmieri and a room at 60 Shelbourne Rd, home of the McKernans, to practice; sings at concert of St Brigid’s Panoramic Choir in presence of Lady Fingall, 14 May; attends Feis Ceol at Antient Concert Rooms and sings “No Chastening” (Sullivan) and “The Sally Gardens” (Moffat) as set pieces, failing to win first prize as being unable (or unwilling) to sing from score, 16 May 1904; disorderly life continues; walks 14 miles to Celbridge home of Thomas Hughes Kelly, donor of Padraic Colum’s award, to propose investment of £2,000 in the newspaper, 10 Dec. 1903, only to be refused admission by the porter though later receiving an apology by telegram; composes “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man”, essay, 7 January 1904, giving an account of the spiritual development of a nameless (but largely autobiographical) hero; rejected by the new magazine Dana; determines to extend the essay into an autobiographical novel, Stephen Hero; seeks name of doctor of venereal treatment from Gogarty, March 1904; collects a number of poems into a volume, calling it Chamber Music; begins what would become the Dubliners stories, at instance of AE (‘simple, rural, live-making, pathos’); receives cuts and bruises in assault on St. Stephen’s Green, Cosgrave standing by; shows “Stephen Hero” to Russell and is invited to write stories for Irish Homestead; receives from Russell epistolary instructions to write something ‘simple, rural?, livemaking’, which would elicit ‘pathos’, accompanied by Berkeley Campbell's “The Old Watchman” from the journal by way of example; Joyce's first story “The Sisters”, accepted by the journal’s editor H. F. Norman, 23 July, 1904 (publ. 13 Aug.), and uniquely signed Stephen Daedalus; followed by “Eveline” (publ. 10 Sept. 1904) and “After the Race” (publ. 17 Dec. 1904), then discontinued; undertakes book reviewing as “Stephen Daedalus”, and later as “Dedalus”; writes and circulates among friends “The Holy Office”, a verse-squib [‘Katharsis-Purgative […] Thus I relieve their timid arses / Perform my office of Katharsis’], submitted unsuccessfully to St. Stephen’s, and later published privately in Trieste; wins 2nd place bronze medal in singing competition with John McCormack and J. C. Doyle, Ancient Concert Rooms, 27 Aug. 1904; works as teacher in Dalkey; meets auburn-haired Nora Barnacle (b. Galway 1884 [Barnacle anglic. from Ó Cadhain]) in Nassau St., 10 June 1904; Nora fails to turn up for date outside Sir William Wilde’s house (1, Merrion Sq.); Joyce sends relationship with Nora cemented while walking out on 16 June 1904 (‘a kind of satisfaction … the recollection of it fills me with amazed joy’); attends rehearsal of Synge’s Well of the Saints with Olvier St. John Gogarty; JAJ is drunk and incapable in Camden Lane, at National Theatre Society premisses, 20 June (‘Joyce gets drunk in his legs’, acc. Padraic Colum - also the subject of a reference in Synge’s Manchester Guardian article);

1904 (Aug.-Dec.): JAJ suspects Nora of copying from letter-writing book, 16 Aug. 1904; shares platform with McCormack and J. C. Doyle at RDS (Horse Show Week), singing “The Sally Gardens”, “The Croppy Boy” and “My Love was Born in the North Countree”, 27 Aug., with Nora in the audience; letter to Nora professing his religious apostasy and confessing his ‘anguish and doubt’ regarding her response to him, 29 Aug, 1904; JAJ requested to leave by McKernans on closing up their house for holidays; stays with James & Margaret Cousins for 2 nights at the Bungalow, Dromard Terrace, Sandymount [nr. Strand Rd.; off Sandymount Green], and then with Maurice O’Callaghan (medical student), for one night, and with the Murrays at 103 North Strand for some nights more, before removing to Martello Tower, 9-15 Sept. 1904, leased by Oliver St. John Gogarty from War Dept. (£8), and with Samuel Chenevix Trench (aka ‘Diarmuid Trench’, who played the tramp in Casadh) , also in residence; quits Martello, after Gogarty fires .22 rifle in main chamber to quieten Trench who is dreaming of panthers, 15 Sept.; joins drinking companions at Maternity Hosp., and proceeds to kips with Cosgrave and others; involved in fracas in Nighttown, c.16 Sept.; asks James Starkey to effect removal of his possessions from Martello Tower in trunk; advised by Byrne to ask Nora to travel abroad with him; enquires about Berlitz jobs from a Miss Gilford (Lincolnshire); sent Chamber Music to Grant Richards Oct. 8 1904; leaves Ireland with Nora from North Wall, accompanied by Stanislaus and John Joyce (who was oblivious to the aspect of elopment but later notified by Tom Devin, also present, who saw the couple together once on shipboard); travels on the same night to London and then Paris, 9 Oct. 1904, having failed to meet Symons in London during a two hour period when he leaves Nora on a park bench; borrows money from Curran, then visiting Paris; travels on to Zurich, 11 Oct. 1904, staying at Gasthaus Hoffnung (16 Reiterstrasse, adjac. Lagerstrasse), ‘the first time I slept with you [Nora]’ acc. letter of 1909; writes part “Christmas Eve” [abandoned story]; finds no Berlitz job awaiting him; sent on to Trieste by Herr Malcrida, arriving 12 October 1904; likewise finds no post there, and redirected by Almidano Artifoni (Berlitz dir. at Trieste), to the new school at Pola (now sp. Pula, Istrian Peninsula, Yugoslavia), ‘a naval Siberia’; arrives 20 Oct. 1904; settles at Via Giulia 2, II° piano [2nd floor], Pola, near the school; writes to Dublin asking for key of trunk, now sent on from Zurich, and also BA certificate; befriended by Allessandro and Clotilde [née Bruni] Francini-Bruni (Artifoni’s assistant and acting Berlitz dir.) and his wife (with whom he had eloped); earns £2 p.w. for 16 hrs work, chiefly teaching naval officers; finishes Chap. XII of Stephen Hero by 31 Oct. 1904; Eyers, an English colleague, remarks Nora’s social inferiority to Joyce and is indignantly ejected; JAJ learns Tuscan Italian from Francini and embarks on a translation of Moore’s Celibates with him; writes aesthetic formulae based on Aquinas’s sententiae, in “Pola Notebook”, Nov. 1904; persists with Stephen Hero (Chaps. XII & XIII complete by 12 Dec. 1904;

1905: writing chapter XV at New Year [incl. first extant portion]; JAJ sends Chaps. XII, XIII, XIV, XV dealing with college years to Stanislaus for sight of Cosgrave and Curran, and to be read to Aunt Josephine [wife of JAJ’s maternal uncle], 13 Jan. 1905; Joyces move in on an upper floor of Francini’s house at via Medolino 7 (now 1), 13 Jan. 1905 [var. 5 Jan.]; reads Strauss’s Vie de Jésu; contemplates reverting to the title A Portrait as fearing “Stephen Hero” might seem sardonic (acc. Ellmann), Feb. 1905; Irish Homestead refuses “Clay”; aliens expelled by Austrians on discovery of Italian spy-ring; Joyce invited by Artifoni to return to Trieste, March 1905, there to remain till 1915; finds room at Piazza Ponterosso 3, but evicted by landlady after a month in discovering Nora’s pregnancy; moves to 31 via San Nicolò, next door to Scuola Berlitz; completes Chapter XVIII of Stephen Hero, March 1905; reaches Chapter XX by April, Chapter XXI by May, and Chapter XXIV by 7 June 1905; offers Chamber Music to John Lane, 1905; JAJ has 50 copies of “The Holy Office” printed in Trieste, 5 June 1905, for distribution in Dublin; rewrites “A Painful Case” (8 May); writes “The Boarding House” (by 13 July); writes “Counterparts” (by 16 July); a son Giorgio b. 27 July 1905 [later George, occas. Georgie; here Giorgio, passim], being delivered by a pupil Dr. Sinigaglia; JAJ sends telegram to Dublin, ‘SON BORN JIM’; Nora takes in washing (and inscribes laundry list on verso of “A Painful Case”; writes “Ivy Day in the Committee Room” (by 1 Sept.); writes “Araby” and “Grace”, during October; Stanislaus leaves Dublin for Trieste, 15 Oct. 1905; JAJ plans to gain for Nora her share of her grandmother’s legacy; makes concerted effort to win puzzle contest in Ideas (London); takes singing lessons from Giuseppe Sinico, terminated as unpaid; completes 9 more Dubliners stories, and sends 12 to Grant Richards by 3 Dec. 1905;

1906: Grant Richards agrees to publish Dubliners, 17 Feb. 1906, with assent of his reader Filson Young; moves to via Giovanni Boccaccio, sharing an apartment with the Francini Brunis, 24 Feb. 1906; composes “Two Gallants” and sends it to to Richards, 22 Feb.; writes “A Little Cloud”, and revises “A Painful Case”, and “After the Race”; Richards’ printer blue-pencils word ‘bloody’ in “Two Gallants” and soon finds other objectionable passages in the stories; Joyce notified by Richards, 23 April 1906; Richards offers to publish autobiographical writing (A Portrait) first and then the stories; lays off Stephen Hero at Chap. XXV; further letters exchanged with Richards, May-June 1906, incl. JAJ’s reference to ‘the spiritual liberation of my country’, 20 May 1906); registers birth of Giorgio (‘legittimi’); receives news of Gogarty’s marriage (6 Aug. 1906); Joyce reads Wilde’s Portrait of Dorian Gray, circa 16 August 1906; Richards finally rejected the collection, Sept. 1906, reaffirming his rejection on 19 Oct. 1906; in the interim JAJ engages St. Lô Malet (internat. lawyer), who contacts Society of Authors, with blank results; JAJ informs Arthur Symons of Richards’s breach of contract; Symons recommends Chamber Music (“A Book of Thirty Songs for Lovers”) to Elkin Mathews for his Vigo Cabinet, 9 Oct. 1906; JAJ offers Chamber Music to Mathews and mentions his novel of which only two chapters remain to be written (Stephen Hero); Bertelli embezzles funds from Scuola Berlitz and Artifoni indicates that he cannot pay his English teachers in the summer; JAJ applies for a post as clerk-translator at the Roman banking firm of Nast-Kolb and Schumacher; arrives in Rome with family via Ancona, 1 Aug. 1906, settling at via Frattina; wears out trousers and importunes Stanislaus for replacement funds in shape of advance from Artifoni; touches English consul in Rome for 50 lira; takes on private pupil (Terzini) and then finds part-time work at École des Langues, 20 Nov. 1906; compares Rome to a man who makes his living ‘by exhibiting his grandmother’s corpse’); plans a story about the Odyssey [viz., Ulysses], and asks Stanislaus to write with details of Alfred Hunter, a commercial traveller from Belfast, then of 28 Ballybough Rd. [d. 12 Sept. 1926, 23 Gt. Charles St., aetat. 60], a Dublin Jew believed to be a cuckold, 3 Dec.; contemplates five more stories (“The Last Supper”, “The Street”, “Vengeance”, “At Bay” and “Catharsis”); checks details of Infallibility at Vatican Council of 1870 at Biblioteca Vittorio Emanuele; suffers rise in rent with alternative notice to quit, 12 Nov.; evicted 3 Dec.; takes 2 rooms on 5th fl., 51 via Monte Brianzo, 8 Dec. 1906 (the second added by Nora); JAJ takes hours at École des Langues and afterwards quits; unable to meet appeal for £1 from JSJ, Christmas 1906; cabby accidentally catches Giorgio under eye with whip; expresses fears of ‘mental extinction’ in letter to Stanislaus;

1907: Elkin Mathews agrees to publish clear of royalties on the first 300 copies and 15% after, 7 Jan. 1907; abruptly resigns from bank, Feb. 1907, ending work 5 March; writes to JSJ assuring him of his continuing concern to help ‘now that I have gained some kind of position’, 9 Feb. 1907; ‘put off’ writing “The Dead” by news of the Playboy riots in Dublin (‘like a man in a house who hears a row in the street ... but can’t get out to see what the hell is going on’: to SJ, 11 Feb. 1907); Dubliners rejected by John Long of London, 21 Feb.; bored by performance of Wagner's Dusk of the Gods [Götterdammerung], left ‘quite cold’ by procession in honour of Giordano Bruno [letter of ?1 March 1907]; the returns to Trieste in disarray having been mugged in Rome when on a bender, losing a month’s pay of 200 crowns, being spared arrest by the Bloom-like intervention of acquaintances [JJ, 1965, p.251]; arrives Trieste, 7 March 1907 (‘My mouth is full of decayed teeth and my soul of decayed ambitions’: letter to SJ, 20 Feb. 1907); boards with Francinis (though owing money); re-employed by Artifoni at a pittance in spite of earlier refusal; moves to flat at 1 via Santa Catarina; page-proofs of Chamber Music forwarded from Rome, late March; Joyce dissuaded from calling off publication by Stanislaus; complains at misspelling of John O’Leary’s name in obituary [sans O’], in Piccolo della Sera, 1907; commissioned by Roberto Prezioso, ed. of Piccolo (fnd. by Teodora Mayer), being a pupil and one of the models for Leopold, to write three articles on Ireland; the articles appear as “Il Fenianismo: L’Ultimo Feniano [Fenianism: The Last Fenian]” (22 March); “Home Rule Maggiorenne [Home Rule Comes of Age]” (19 May); “L’Irlanda all Sbarra [ Ireland at the Bar]” (16 Sept.); Attilio Tamaro invites him to present three lectures at Universita del Popolo (“Irlanda, Isola dei Santi et die Savi [Ireland, Island of Saints and Sages” (27 April 1907); “Giacomo Clarenzio Mangan [James Clarence Mangan]” (May 1907); “The Irish Literary Revival” [no longer extant]); receives recriminatory letter from JSJ about ‘your miserable mistake’ (i.e., his elopement with Nora), 24 April [Letters, II, pp.221-23]; Chamber Music, containing 36 poems, published, May 1907 (only 200 copies actually sold by 1913); JAJ asks Corriere della Sera to appoint him as Dublin correspondent; applies unsuccessfully for post in South Africa Colonisation Society, early July; contracts rheumatic fever and is admitted to Ospedale Civico, mid-July, convalescing until September; Nora gives birth to Lucia Anna (b. 26 July 1907) in paupers’ ward of same (‘almost born on the street’, acc. Nora); child has marked strabismus; JAJ receives application from Geoffrey Molyneux Palmer to set Chamber Music to music; JAJ writes “The Dead” in hospital and completes it during convalescence, circa 6 Sept.; tells Stanislaus of his plan to revise Stephen Hero as five long chapters, omitting the scenes of infancy, 8 Sept. 1907; JAJ borrows funds from Artifoni to bring Stanislaus to Trieste, arriving Oct. 1907; plans out his literary life for the next seven years during convalescence [Ellmann, JJ, 1965, p.274]; JAJ gives up teaching at the Berlitz school on Artifoni’s leasing it to employees (along with Stanlislaus’s debts); takes his pupils away private as clients, incl. Ettore Schmitz (pseud. Italo Svevo; d. 1928); embarks on wholesale revision of Stephen Hero as A Portrait, ending Chap. 1 by 29 Nov. 1907 and Chap. 3 by 7 April 1908 - considering the name Daly instead of Dedalus; tells Stanislaus that Ulysses would be a Dublin Peer Gynt, 10 Nov.; Elkin Mathews refuses an option on Dubliners, Nov. 1907, though passing it to Hone; receives invitation from Gogarty at Vienna to travel to Greece and Venice with him, and to settle in Vienna, 1 Dec. 1907; refuses on advice of Stanislaus;

1908: communicate with Gogarty ends with unsigned note from Gogarty of Jan. 1908; George Roberts of Maunsel & Co. show interest in Dubliners, Feb. 1908, but Joyce prefers to seek London publisher; Schmitz reads existing MS of A Portrait in Jan. 1908 and encourages Joyce to continue; JAJ sees Eleanora Duse on stage, Feb. 1908; also sees Ermete Zacconi in Ibsen’s Ghosts, and later in Turgenev’s Il Pane Altrui (JAJ crying out in the theatre, ‘Di questi artisti nessuno se ne sogna da noi [no one at home knows there are artists like this’]); criticises Hamlet for dramatic blunders in performance by Salvini, 8 Feb. 1908; JAJ’s drinking begins to effect his eyesight; row with Nora over drink; JAJ renounces drink, 12 Feb. 1908; receives [non-viewing] rejection from Hutchinson, and also from Alstons Rivers (Feb. 1908) and Edward Arnold (July 1908); trans. Synge’s Riders to the Sea with Nicolò Vidacovich, 6 March 1908; announces plans to become agent for Irish tweed in Trieste, 28 June 1908; takes lessons from Romeo Bartoli and sings in concert quintet; Nora suffers miscarriage at three months, 4 Aug. 1908; JAJ finds himself the only one to regret the ‘truncated existence’; JAJ quarrel with Stanislaus in requiring him to delay repaying his creditors; Stanislaus moves out and settles at 27 via Nuova, Autumn 1908;

1909: JAJ finally moves to 8 via Vincenzo Scussa, March 1909; Stanislaus appt. Asst. Director at Berlitz School; JAJ finally sends Dubliners to George Roberts at Maunsel & Co., April 1909; writes on Oscar Wilde for Piccolo della Sera, 24 March 1909; receives permission from Robert Ross to translate Soul of Man Under Socialism (Wilde); receives financial cri de coeur from JSJ (‘I feel certain I have seen my last Xmas’); JAJ asks Stanislaus to take Giorgio to Ireland, but ultimately makes the trip himself, arriving 29 July (‘Where’s Stannie?’); avoids Gogarty at the pier in Kingstown; joins family at 44 Fontenoy St.; JSJ plays aria from La Traviata (Act. 3) as token of reconciliation (‘Foolish old man … Now I see the harm I did’); JAJ has chilly encounter with Gogarty, with varying accounts rendered by participants; JAJ shattered by conversation with Cosgrave, who claims to have shared Nora’s favours in 1904, 6 Aug. 1909; writes intemperately to Nora (‘is it all over between us?’, Fontenoy St., 6 Aug. 1909); on the morrow visits 7 Eccles St., where Byrne is now living with his aunt [the house having been empty in 1904]; assured by Byrne that Cosgrave’s story is a fabrication originating in conspiracy to break his spirit with Gogarty; arranges for Eileen to receive singing lessons and plans to bring Eva to Trieste; Stanislaus charged for Dublin family expenses and obstructed by Artifoni; JAJ reviews Shaw’s The Shewing-Up of Blanco Posnet for Piccolo della Sera, 25 Aug. (printed 8 Sept. 1909); prints himself cards as Piccolo correspondent and visits Evening Telegraph offices on the strength of them; Thomas Kettle seeks lectureship for JAJ at National University; JAJ refuses offer of Italian evening classes in UCD for £100 p.a.; gives Kettles a copy of Chamber Music as wedding gift (though not attending); takes Giorgio to Galway, 26 Aug. 1909 and meets Mrs. Barnacle at Nora’s home, 4 Bowling Green; purchases for Nora a pendant of five dice and tablet inscribed ‘Love is unhapy when love is away’; received funds from Stanislaus; fails to get permission from literary estate of J. M. Synge to produce Riders to the Sea in Italian; signs contract for Dubliners with Joseph Hone of Maunsel and secures advance of £300 advance on royalties from Roberts; pays for Eva’s tonsilectomy; revisits Byrne, who enters the kitchen door at Eccles St. through the front area as Bloom does in Ulysses; returns to Trieste with Giorgio and sis. Eva (aetat. 18), 13 Sept.; chance remark by Eva on the lack of cinema in Dublin inspires him to gain a commission from Triestino cinema-owners to return and establish the Volta Cinema (Dublin, 20 Dec. 1909); departs for Dublin 18 Oct., arriving Dublin 21 Oct., 1909; finds building in Mary St., 28 Oct.; instals partners Machnich and Rebez in Finn’s Hotel, later settling above premises in Mary St.; JAJ is shown Nora’s former room by manageress; visits Belfast with partners, 27 Nov.; travels to Cork, 12 Dec.; Volta opens, 20 Dec. (“The First Paris Orphanage”, “La Pourponniere”, and “The Tragic Story of Beatrice Cenci”); Volta gains permanent licence, 29 Dec.; JAJ explores poss. of tweed-importing for Irish Woollen Co. to Trieste; sends MS copy of Chamber Music to Nora, with lyrical and erotic letters; wires emergency funds to Stanislaus and Nora, then facing eviction in Trieste, 1 Dec. 1909;

1910: JAJ returns to Trieste, bringing sis. Eileen, 2 Jan. 1910; a drinking bout on 10 Jan. results in arthritis in one arm and an atrophied deltoid muscle (as recorded in notes of Dr. Victor Morax in 1922, based on Joyce’s explanation of his chronic iritis); agrees to changes in Dubliners, 23 March 1910; Volta cinema sold at a 40% loss, July 1910; JAJ writes to Roberts with threat of ‘communicating the whole matter […] in a circular letter to the Irish press’ and taking legal action, 10 July 1910; JAJ with family moves to 32 via Barriera Vecchia with Stanislaus’s help, Aug. 1910, Stanislaus remaining in room at via Nuova but resuming evening meals with them; Roberts promises to send proofs of Dubliners, setting the date of publication at 20 Jan. following, Dec. 1910; JAJ writes “La Cometa dell’ Home Rule” (Piccolo della Sera, 22 Dec. 1910);

1911: JAJ threatens to leave Stanislaus and his sisters (‘the cattolicissime’) in Trieste, letter of 12 Jan. 1911; Roberts again writes renewing objections to altered passages in “Ivy Day”, 9 Feb. 1911; Eva returns to Dublin, 9 July 1911; JAJ purportedly throws part or all of the Stephen Hero MS in the fire in 1911, only to be rescued by Nora, acc. Samuel Beckett [var. The Portrait, rescued by Eileen, acc. Ellmann, JJ, 325 and see Spencer, et al., ed., Stephen Hero, 1977, ‘Publisher’s Note’]; JAJ writes to George V, 1 Aug., and receives dismissive answer from his secretary, 11 Aug.; JAJ writes open letter to Roberts, defending the contested Edward VII passage in Dubliners, 9 Aug.; the letter printed in Sinn Fein (2 Sept. 1911) & abbrev. in Northern Whig (26 Aug. 1911), later reprinted as “A Curious History” in Egoist (Jan. 1915; rep. in Selected Letters, p.199); JAJ encourages Nicolò Vidacovich’s plan to produce Italian version of W. B Yeat’s Countess Cathleen; encourages Nora to accept attentions from Prezioso, which she checks; JAJ reduces Prezioso to tears in confrontation (observed by Tullio Silvestri) at Piazza Dante, 1911;

1912: Joyces threatened with eviction by landlord Picciola, mid-Feb. 1912; JAJ gives new series of lectures at Università del Popolo (“Verismo ed idealismo nella letterature inglese: Daniel De Foe & William Blake”), March 1912; travels to Padua to sit exams as English teacher, 24-26 April 1912, with oral exams on 30 April (scoring 421 out of 450); plan blocked since his Irish university degree was not acceptible; JAJ offered appt. at Scuola Superiore di Commercio Revoltella [Trieste Commercial High School]; writes “L’Ombra di Parnell [The Shade of Parnell]” (Il Piccolo della Sera, 16 May, 1912); Nora travels to Dublin, with Lucia, on mission to persuade Roberts, arriving Westland Row, 8 July 1912; stayed at Finn’s Hotel; visits George Roberts with JSJ and Charlie Joyce but is rebuffed; travels onwards to Galway to visit her uncle Michael Healy; Joyce and Giorgio arrive in Dublin, via London, 14-15 July 1912; JAJ visits Yeats at Woburn Buildings and fails to get permission for Italian the translation of his Countess Cathleen, Yeats insisting on the use of the new version; visits Hone at Maunsel (‘I have crossed Europe to see you’) and sent on to Roberts; Roberts proposes deletion of disputed passages, with explanatory preface, or publication under author’s own name; encounters James Stephens in Dawson St., Dublin; travels to Galway and visits grave of Michael Bodkin at Oughterard, c.14 Aug.; JAJ contribs. two articles on Aran Islands to Piccolo, evincing new interest in Irish life and folklore; returns to Dublin, 17 August, settling at the Murrays while Nora and children remain on in Galway (later joining him); forwards letter from Henry Blackwood Price (Asst. Mgr. of Eastern Telegraph Co. in Trieste [branch]), about in foot & mouth serum plans pioneered in Austria, to Wm. Field (MP and Pres. of Irish Cattle Traders’ Assoc.); later writes sub-editorial on the subject for Freeman’s Journal (in Sept. 1912); fails to get Charlie a post as tenor at Sandymount Church; rejects demand frm Roberts that he deposit a bond of £1,000; JAJ brings Padraic Colum to Roberts’s office; faces demands from Roberts for changes to Dubliners amounting to omission of some stories, 18 August 1912; JAJ enlists solicitor [prob. George Lidwell, a friend of JSJ], to write a legal account of Dubliners and receives supportive comment on “Ivy Day” but adverse comment on “An Encounter” (‘magistrates are directed to hear such cases in private’), subsequently moderated, but not addressed to Roberts and therefore ineffective; Roberts demands securities of £1,000; on reflection in back room, JAJ agrees to omit “An Encounter”; JAJ seeks opinion of Kettle, who gravely disparages the collection (‘I’ll slate that book!’); Charles Weekes, Robert’s solicitor in London, advises him that the inclusion of real premises by name is dangerous from libel standpoint; Roberts consults Chas. Weekes in London and Collins in Dublin; writes to Joyce, asking for two sureties of £500; Stanislaus had cabled ‘Come without delay’, 15 Aug.; JAJ pawns watch and chain to stay on in Dublin; Roberts demands changes in “Grace”, “Ivy Day”, “The Boarding House” and every proper name in Dubliners, 30 Aug. 1912; Stanislaus rents flat for Joyces under immediate threat of eviction, 1 Sept. 1912 [Ellmann err. 1 Oct.]; Roberts offers to sell the printed galley sheets for £30, and JAJ accepts on 10 day bill, planning to publish at his own press (viz., The Liffey Press), 5 Sept.; secures set of sheets from Roberts (‘obtained by a ruse’, acc. Letters, Vol. II, p.320); the printer Falconer refuses to part with galleys, 10 Sept. and destroys 1,000 copies on the morrow [so-called Maunsel Edn. of 1910]; Joyce leaves Dublin with family, evening of 11 Sept. 1912; stopping in London, he unsuccessfully offers Dubliners to English Review and Mills & Boon; composes “Gas from a Burner” in waiting-room at Flushing Station (Holland) en route back to Trieste, polishing it en route to Salzburg, 14 Sept. (and printed on his arrival in Trieste); settling in new flat at 4 Via Donato Bramante, 15 Sept. 1912; appt. teacher at the Scuola Revoltella Superiori de Commercio; takes on private students in the afternoons incl. Paolo Cuzzi, Triestino lawyer and his young sister; embarks on 10 Monday-night talks on “Amleto di G. Shakespeare”, at Università Popolare [var. del Popolo], Trieste, 5 Nov. 1912-11 Feb. 1913 [var. 4-10 Feb. 1913]; JAJ has family ports. restored by Daniel Egan, Ormond Quay, 1912; Dubliners turned down by Martin Secker (London), late 1912;

1913: Dubliners rejected by Elkin Mathews for the second second time, 1 April 1913; JAJ writes Giacomo Joyce, arising from notes on his mild affair (‘of eyes rather than of bodies’, acc. Ellmann) with Signorina Amalia Popper, a pupil of JAJ’s and dg. Leopoldo Popper, a Triestino businessman, Jan. 1911-mid 1914 [identity conjecture of Ellmann]; JAJ begins writing his new epiphanies in 1913 or 1914, adding to them the next few years and ultimately published as Giacomo from eight large sheets kept by Stanislaus (1968); receives letter from Grant Richards seeking view of Dubliners again, 25 Nov. 1913; letter from Ezra Pound (notified of Joyce by Yeats), 15 Dec. 1913; Yeats sends “I hear an army charging upon the land” to Pound and this poem printed Des Imagistes (1914), anthology; Exiles commenced Nov. 1913;

1914: Stanislaus is arrested as an outspoken irredentist, 9 Jan. 1914, and interned [at Katzenau, nr. Linz] until 1918; JAJ sends Pound his revised first chap. of A Portrait and the Dubliners stories in mid-Jan. 1914 (reply dated 19 Jan. 1914); Tullio Silvestri paints Nora, 1914; “Watching the Needle Boats at San Sabba”, a poem by Joyce publ. in Saturday Review, 20 Sept. 1913; Pound prints “A Curious History” composed by JAJ 30 Nov. 1913 and containing JAJ’s Sinn Fein letter of 1911, in The Egoist (15 Jan. 1914); Richards agrees to publish Dubliners, 29 January (in response to Joyce’s renewed demand for a decision of 14 Jan. 1914); agreement signed March 1914, JAJ to take first 120 copies without royalties for first 500, and a commitment to Richards for the publication of his subsequent work [A Portrait]; Richards brings out Dubliners using page-proofs from guillotined Dublin edition [not the last that Maunsel had printed] as copy; proofs reach Joyce, April 1914; publication on 15 June 1914 (1,250 copies); A Portrait serialised in The Egoist, ed. Dora Marsden with Harriet Shaw Weaver (in charge from June 1914, using a different printer), 2 Feb. 1914-1 Aug. 1914, after which a hiatus concluding with asterisks for a passage that offended the printer (viz., ‘… Fresh Nelly is waiting on you’); Joyce delays finishing Portrait, instalments to Pound resuming in Nov. 1914 - being mailed from intermediary address of Otto Schmitz’s f.-in-law in Murano; final episode reaches Pound July/Aug. 1915 and published 1 Sept 1915; JAJ commences work on Ulysses 1 March 1914 (St. David’s Day); Tullio Silvestri paints Joyce, 1914; “A Boarding House” and “A Little Cloud” publ. in H. L. Mencken’s Smart Set (May 1914) on recommendation of B. W. Huebsch, publisher; JAJ contacts Huebsch, who professes no intention of publishing; JAJ appt. English correspondent to Gioachino Venezinani paint factory, Jan. 1914 at 100 crowns p.m.; Austria declares war on Serbia, 28 July 1914; Britain and Austrio-Hungarian Empire [Germany] at war, August 1914; no action taken against Joyces; Joyce submits his articles on Ireland (formerly in Piccolo della Sera) for book publication to Genovese publisher Angelo Formiggini as " Ireland at the Bar", and is refused;

1915: JAJ receives letter from J. B. Pinker, agent of J. G. Wells, offering to act for him, 10 Feb. 1915; Eileen m. Frantisek Schaurek, Prokurist [cashier] at Zivnostenska Banka, 12 April 1915, later moving to Prague; Exiles completed April 1915; Richards decides not to publish A Portrait, 18 May 1915 for want of audience in time of war; Italians declare war, May 1915; Austrians begin partial evacuation of Trieste; JAJ writes to Stanislaus in internment that he has finished the first episode of Ulysses, 16 June [sic] 1915; gains visa from America Consulate acting on part of UK, and permitted to leave Austria by train on condition of remaining non-combatant through intercession of Baron Ralli and Count Sordina; arrives with family at Zurich, 30 June 1915, having largely left behind possessions but with first-written episode of Ulysses (“Calypso”), being completed up to ‘kidneys of wheat’ (acc. Gorman); the Joyces stay at first in Gasthaus Hoffnung (as in 1904), moving after two weeks to 7 Reinhardstrasse; JAJ receives £15 from Michael Healy, 29 June 1915 (plus £9 more in Nov. 1915); receives £75 in three quarterly instalments from Royal Literary Fund, on the recommendation and insistence of Yeats and Pound, acting through Edmund Gosse, July 1915; A Portrait rejected by Martin Secker, July 1915; Joyce sends last episode of A Portrait to Pound, July/Aug., who forwarded it directly to the Egoist, and then read it in print - sending JAJ an enthusiastic letter in response (‘I have just read the splendid end [...] and if I try to tell you how fine it is, I shall only break out into inane hyperbole’, Letter of 6 & 12 Sept.; Forrest, Pound/Joyce, p.44); Joyces move to 10 Kreuzstrase, 15 Oct. 1915; Miss Weaver [HSW] offers to publish A Portrait if no other publisher can be found, 30 Nov. 1915; reads for reference, &c., works such as Victor Bérard's Les Phéniciens et “l’Odyssée” (1902) at Zentralbibliothek in Zürich;

1916: A Portrait rejected by Duckworth’s reader Edward Garnett, Jan. 1916; JAJ receives £50 from HSW as payment for serialisation rights to ‘your wonderful book’, 14 Jan. 1916; family moves to 54 Seefeldstrasse, March 1916; JAJ receives £100 from Civil Pension List, August 1916; also receives support of £2 weekly from Society of Authors at Pound’s instigation; attends opera and concerts with Ottocaro Weiss, a friend of Otto Schwarz; employed by Prof. Siegmund Feilbogen on bilingual International Review, late 1915; participates in social life of Club des Étrangers and frequents Restaurant zum Roten Kreuz and Café Terrasse; seven printers turn down A Portrait in wake of Rainbow action against Lawrence’s publisher, to 25 March 1916; JAJ secures accounts of Richards’s sales of Dubliners (499 copies in 1914) through Pinker; Exiles rejected by The Stage Society, 11 July 1916; Joyce reports to HSW that Exiles cannot find a publisher, 1 July 1916, and receives from her news of agreement to publish A Portrait with Huebsch, 19 July 1916; Portrait published by Ben Huebsch in New York, 30 Dec. 1916; JAJ engages with Jules Martin in film company plans to fleece wealthy women;

1917: HSW, having failed to find a willing printer, using Huebsch’s sheets and publishes A Portrait in 750 copies, 12 Jan. 1917; otherwise enthusiastic review of A Portrait by H. G. Wells for Nation (24 Feb. 1917) suggests that Joyce shares a cloacal obsession with Swift; JAJ suffers attacks of glaucoma, Feb.-March 1917; receives £50 quarterly from ‘anon. admirer’ (HSW) through solicitor Slack Munro Saw & Co., purporting to find his address in Who’s Who, 22 Feb. 1917 (actually HSW); JAJ discovers his benefactor to be female by pronoun “she” in answer to his letter to the solicitor; John Quinn purchases MS of Exiles, March 1917, and later buys corrected proofs of A Portrait for £20; Society requests to see Exiles again, 1 April 1917, and withdrawn by Pinker 2 July 1917; moves to 73 Seefeldstrasse, former flat of his friend Paul Ruggiero’s father; suffers attacks of glaucoma and synechia, 18 Aug., 1917; Ernst Siedler performs iridectomy on his right eye, at Augenklinik, 24 Aug. 1917; has nervous collapse in convalescence; travels with family to Locarno on medical advice, staying first at Villa Rosa and chiefly at Pension Daheim, 12 Oct. 1917; Martin arrested for embezzlement and afterwards revealed as Juda de Vries, son of distinguished gynecological, in a letter of thanks from his father; JAJ sends first three chaps. of Ulysses (“Telemachiad”, now completed, to Claud Sykes for typing (1st & 2nd on 20 Nov. & 20 Dec.; 3rd in late Dec. 1917);

1918: JAJ returns to Zurich, Jan. 1918, and settles at 38 Universitätstrasse; good reviews of A Portrait and Dubliners, together with Pound’s promptings, persuades Margaret Anderson and Jane Heap to bring out serial publication of Ulysses in the Little Review, March 1918-Dec. 1920 (13-plus out of 18 episodes), the “Telemachiad” (Chaps. 1-3 of Ulysses) reaching them in February; JAJ becomes the recipient of 1,000 francs p.m. for 12 months from Mrs. Harold Edith Rockefeller MacCormick, 1 March 1918-Oct. 1919, receiving notice from the Eidgenössische Bank of Zurich, 27 Feb. 1918; JAJ learns her identity from Charlotte Sauermann of Zurich Opera Co., a wealthy patroness of Jung resident in Zurich since 1913; JAJ persuaded by Sykes to form and support The English Players, with a view to presenting Importance of Being Earnest, at Theater zur Kaufleuten, Pelikanstrasse, 29 April 1918, JAJ to pay 30 frs. to professional actors involved; subsequently embroiled in legal conflict with Henry Carr over cost of wardrobe (espec. trousers) for the role of Algernon; official support withdrawn from Players by A. Percy Bennett (British Consul-General); JAJ sues Carr for value of tickets sold and libel (‘cad’ and ‘swindler’); JAJ writes to Lloyd George and next to Sir Horace Rumbold (British Min. in Switzerland) complaining about the behaviour of the consulate staff; prelim. hearing of JAJ’s case against Carr, 8 June 1918 (setting date for 8 July); Horace Taylor introduces Frank Budgen, ex-sailor and English artist; JAJ indulges roistering at Zimmerleuten Restaurant with Budgen, Suter and others; Nora appears as Maurya in Riders to the Sea in triple bill incl. Barrie, The Twelve-Pound Look, and Shaw, The Dark Lady of the Sonnets, 17 June 1918; court hearing deferred due to continuing iritis; Joyce tours Players to Lausanne, Geneva, Montreux and Interlaken; recurring eye-trouble in Oct. and Nov.; JAJ suffers attack of iritis in both eyes, May 1918; editions of Exiles brought out similtaneously B. W. Huebsch and Grant Richards and New York and in London, 25 May 1918; Huebsch brings out Chamber Music in New York; A Portrait appreciative review by Clutton-Brock (TLS, 25 July 1918); HSW approaches the Woolfs at suggestion of Roger Fry about possible publication of Ulysses in Hogarth Press, June 1918; Woolfs indicate that the book would take prohibitively long to print on handpress (privately holding it to be ‘underbred’); favourable review in New Statesman by Desmond McCarthy (21 Sept. 1918); English Players produces Mrs. Warren’s Profession, 30 Sept. 1918; JAJ wages 2 lawsuits against Carr, winning the first (15 Oct. 1918), and losing the second (11 Feb. 1919; with costs of & damages of 120 frs.), having withdrawn from the Players in their own interest in Dec. 1918; JAJ choses not to play the part of Richard Rowan in Exiles in mooted English Players production, to be directed by Sykes, hence deferred; Players produce Stanley Houghton, Hindle Wakes, 3 Dec. 1918, losing money in conditions of martial law prevailing in Zurich at the time [continued];