James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916; Corrected Edn. 1967) - Chap. 3

Extract

[ Much of the third chapter is taken up with Stephen’s moral abasement and ultimate confession following the Hellfire Sermon preached by a Redemptorist priest at a school ‘retreat’ (i.e., period of religious contemplation). Joyce’s preoccupation with the terror of confessional discipline which was introduced by the Catholic Church in the Counter-Reformation, and which reached Ireland in the form of the so-called Devotional Revolution instituted by Cardinal Paul Cullen from 1850 onwards.
  In the wider scheme of the novel, it is Stephen’s mission to escape the ‘nets’ which he thinks are thrown down to catch the independent soul - these being, in his famous formula, ‘nation, language and religion’. Ironically or otherwise, a similar triad - ‘nationality, family and religion’ - were regarded as the keystones of Irish separatism by Catholic-nationalist contemporaries such as D. P. Moran and Daniel Corkery. Joyce’s exceptionalism ensured that he was not welcomed into the Irish cultural ‘family’ for fully fifty years after the foundation of independent Ireland.]

[.]
  He bent down and asked her was there a chapel near.
 -A chapel, sir? Yes, sir. Church Street chapel.
 -Church?
 She shifted the can to her other hand and directed him; and, as she held out her reeking withered right hand under its fringe of shawl, he bent lower towards her, saddened and soothed by her voice. [144]
 -Thank you.
 -You are quite welcome, sir.
 The candles on the high altar had been extinguished but the fragrance of incense still floated down the dim nave. Bearded workmen with pious faces were guiding a canopy out through a side door, the sacristan aiding them with quiet gestures and words. A few of the faithful still lingered praying before one of the side-altars or kneeling in the benches near the confessionals. He approached timidly and knelt at the last bench in the body, thankful for the peace and silence and fragrant shadow of the church. The board on which he knelt was narrow and worn and those who knelt near him were humble followers of Jesus. Jesus too had been born in poverty and had worked in the shop of a carpenter, cutting boards and planing them, and had first spoken of the kingdom of God to poor fishermen, teaching all men to be meek and humble of heart.
 He bowed his head upon his hands, bidding his heart be meek and humble that he might be like those who knelt beside him and his prayer as acceptable as theirs. He prayed beside them but it was hard. His soul was foul with sin and he dared not ask forgiveness with the simple trust of those whom Jesus, in the mysterious ways of God, had called first to His side, the carpenters, the fishermen, poor and simple people following a lowly trade, handling and shaping the wood of trees, mending their nets with patience.
 A tall figure came down the aisle and the penitents stirred; and at the last moment, glancing up swiftly, he saw a long grey beard and the brown habit of a capuchin. The priest entered the box and was hidden. Two penitents rose and entered the confessional at either side. The wooden slide was drawn back and the faint murmur of a voice troubled the silence.
 His blood began to murmur in his veins, murmuring like a sinful city summoned from its sleep to hear its doom. Little flakes of fire fell and powdery ashes fell softly, alighting on the [145] houses of men. They stirred, waking from sleep, troubled by the heated air.
 The slide was shot back. The penitent emerged from the side of the box. The farther side was drawn. A woman entered quietly and deftly where the first penitent had knelt. The faint murmur began again.
 He could still leave the chapel. He could stand up, put one foot before the other and walk out softly and then run, run, run swiftly through the dark streets. He could still escape from the shame. Had it been any terrible crime but that one sin! Had it been murder! Little fiery flakes fell and touched him at all points, shameful thoughts, shameful words, shameful acts. Shame covered him wholly like fine glowing ashes falling continually. To say it in words! His soul, stifling and helpless, would cease to be.
 The slide was shot back. A penitent emerged from the farther side of the box. The near slide was drawn. A penitent entered where the other penitent had come out. A soft whispering noise floated in vaporous cloudlets out of the box. It was the woman: soft whispering cloudlets, soft whispering vapour, whispering and vanishing.
 He beat his breast with his fist humbly, secretly under cover of the wooden armrest. He would be at one with others and with God. He would love his neighbour. He would love God who had made and loved him. He would kneel and pray with others and be happy. God would look down on him and on them and would love them all.
 It was easy to be good. God’s yoke was sweet and light. It was better never to have sinned, to have remained always a child, for God loved little children and suffered them to come to Him. It was a terrible and a sad thing to sin. But God was merciful to poor sinners who were truly sorry. How true that was! That was indeed goodness.
 The slide was shot to suddenly. The penitent came out. He was next. He stood up in terror and walked blindly into the box. [146]  


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