Gerald Dawe

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Bibliographical details
Across the Roaring Hill: The Protestant Imagination in Modern Ireland: Essays in Honour of John Hewitt, ed. Gerald Dawe & Edna Longley (Belfast: Blackstaff 1985), xviii, 242pp.; contains essays, James Simmons, ‘The Recipe for All Misfortunes, Courage’ [on Joyce Cary, S. H. Bell, Forrest Reid], pp.79-98; Michael Allen, ‘Notes on Sex in Beckett’, pp.25-38; W. J. McCormack, ‘The Protestant Strain: A Short History of Anglo-Irish Literature from S. T. Coleridge to Thomas Mann, pp.48-78; Edna Longley, ‘Louis MacNeice, The Walls are Flowing’, pp.99-123; Bridget O’Toole, ‘Three Writers and the Big House, Elizabeth Bowen,Molly Keane, Jennifer Johnston’, pp.124-38; J. W. Foster, ‘The Dissidence of Dissent, John Hewitt and W. R. Rodgers’, pp.161-81; Terence Brown, ‘Poets and Patrimony, Richard Murphy and James Simmons’, pp.182-95; Lynda Henderson, ‘Transcendance and Imagination in Contemoporary Ulster Drama, pp.196-217; Dawe, ‘Icon and Lares, Derek Mahon and Michael Longley’, pp.196-217. The title of the collection derives from a poem by John Hewitt (‘across the roaring hill ... our indigenous Irish din’). [See Table of Contents in RICORSO Library, “Criticism > Editions”, infra.]

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Against Piety: Essays in Irish Poetry (Belfast: Lagan Press 1995), 193pp.; Brief Confrontations: The Irish Writer’s History [19]; A Question of Imagination: Poetry in Ireland [31]; An Absence of Influence: Three Modernist Poets [45]; Heroic Heart: Charles Donnelly [65]; Anatomist of Melancholia: Louis MacNeice [81]; Against Piety: John Hewitt [89]; Our Secret Being: Padraic Fiacc [105]; Blood and Farnily: Thomas Kinsella [113]; Invocation of Powers:John Montague [127]; Breathing Spaces: Brendan Kennelly [145]; Icon and Larcs: Michael Longley and Derek Mahon [153]; The Suburban Night: Eavan Boland, Paul Durcan and Thomas McCarthy [169].

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The New Younger Irish Poets, ed. Gerald Dawe (Belfast: Blackstaff 1982; rev. edn. 1991); contains poems by Thomas McCarthy; Denis O’Driscoll; Julie O’Callaghan; Rita Ann Higgins; Sebastian Barry; Aidan Carl Matthews; Sean Dunne; Mairead Byrne; Michael O’Loughlin; Brendan Cleary; Dermot Bolger; Peter Sirr; Andrew Elliott; John Hughes; Peter McDonald; Patrick Ramsay; Pat Boran; Kevin Smith; Martin Mooney; John Kelly; Sara Berkeley; also biographical and bibliographical notes; select bibliography; poetry publishers; acknowledgements; index of first lines. [Ulster poets are Martin Mooney; Peter McDonald; John Kelly; John Hughes; Andrew Elliot; Brendan Cleary.]

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Criticism
An Sionnach, 3, 1 [Special Issue Dedicated to the Work of Gerald Dawe] ed. David Gardiner, asst. by Nicholas Allen (Creighton UP 2007), 201pp. (See review by Bernard O’Donoghue, in The Irish Times, 4 Aug. 2007, Weekend [infra].)

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Commentary
Brian Lynch, reviewing Against Piety, Essays in Irish Poetry (Lagan 1995), in The Irish Times (20 Jan. 1996) [Weekend], offers some reproofs and quotes: ‘we have a naturally poetic language, because of the once central influence of the Irish language upon English as it is spoken in country outside Dublin’; further [?remarks:] ‘Poetry in Ireland is mostly an accepted form of the tradition, and most poets voice ideas and beliefs totally at one with official cultural orthodoxies.’ (p.8.)

Peter Denman, review of The Ledger of Fruitful Exchange (1996 [sic]), with Heart of Hearts (1995); cites lines taken from newpaper notice of death of Dawe’s great-grandmother, in which notice is given that a daughter contributes poetry to the Impartial Observer, causing Denman to comment that ‘[I]mpartial reporting might describe the mode to which Dawe’s own poetry seems to aspire.’ (Irish Literary Supplement, p.10.)

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C. L. Dallat, review of Breaking News by Ciaran Carson and Lake Geneva by Gerald Dawe, in The Guardian (Sat. 18 Oct. 2003).: ‘[...] Dawe’s work has long carried marks of his personal journey: a first Gallery collection, The Lundys Letter (1985), borrowed the Ulster Protestant shorthand for traitor (the annual burning-in-effigy of Robert Lundy, faint-heart commander at Derry’s 1689 siege, is a cherished Ulster folk custom). And his next collection’s title, Sunday School (1991), harks back to pre-lapsarian Belfast infancy and adolescence. / That mis-match between early ordinariness and later sophistication has fuelled much recent writing, but Dawe’s own transitions give the dichotomy specific resonance. In his quietly measured tourist stroll around the title - and final - poem’s Lake Geneva with Henry James’s muslined “all-American girl”, with “formidable chateaux” and the “clip-clop” of horses, the poet stumbles on a remembered homicide scene from 70s Belfast, all dereliction and armored constabulary. The recall is given sharper focus by the lakeshore ghosts of storm-tossed Byron and Shelley and the historical long view of Edward Gibbon. The “terraces trim / as they’ve always been” could be either Geneva or Belfast in this context, both politely oblivious to murderous back alleyways. [...]’ (For full review, see infra.)

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Quotations
“Midsummer Report”: ‘The smokeless chimney sprouts scutch grass / and the entry has bits and pieces of furniture/ at one end or the other - the inside of a ’fridge, / a couch oil its side, hedge clippings. // Here and there a light goes on or off / in a landing, a back room’s / the same unchanging view of cars / parked higgledy-piggledy oil the footpath. // Between the trees, the houses / become dusky outlines - / the bricked up fireplace, the bedside locker, / the converted attic, the rooms for let. // Walking after midnight, watch your step. / Things have changed around here, no mistake.’ (Fortnight, April 2003, p.31: two poems.)

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“The Interface”: ‘“The lights are going on on towns that no longer exists” / and in the districts we never knew we lived in / between the cemetery where turncoat rebels asre said to be buried and the narrow road north. // In the parlours of the very few few who stayed put / the Telegraph’s folded, the curtains order / and the radio putters in the background. / Good news is rarely expected. // The kids are well grown and gone / to Scotland, Canada, the West Country, / and for all the time they spent together / little remains the same: // £ Shops and discount bars and fast food joints / and even the church is up for sale. / See. What did I tell you? It is the case / that the biggest fall is the fall from grace.’ (Fortnight, April 2003, p.31: two poems.)

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“The Pleasure Boats”: ‘Already, they're taking full / advantage of the day - / ponytailed mums keeping trim, the recently retired who sold the old place for a tidy sum, and the staunch widows who marvel at all the changes / and at what hasn’t changed: / the tops of masts and, above them, the solid phalanx of guest houses, facing the sea that rushes / in to the marina’s red light, / where boy-racers will be parked tonight under a fleeting metallic sky, / and the dog-walkers out late, / and the girls, defiant, in ones and twos, / and the pleasure boats returning, and the rank of windows on fire. So, tell me, what good was done, What war was won?’ (Quoted in Hugh McFadden, review of Points West, in Books Ireland, Nov. 2008, p.254.)

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How’s The Poetry Going? (1991): ‘The poet deals with freedom ... anti-nostalgic’; quotes William Carlos Williams, ‘It is difficult / to get the news from poems / Yet men die miserably every day/ for lack / of what is found there.’ Remarks [on] Home Life: ‘both scenes play across each other - the helterskelter of impressions; the mannered poise; the fragments and figments of history; the cultivated grace; the nationalist west; the unionist north-east - each entailing its own hurt and insecurities, pride and prejudice, and how these are expressed differently.’ [9] ‘When I muttered something about coming from a Protestant background in Belfast and living in the west of Ireland, a professional smile glazed over what remained of their time. Critical comment on that background, indeed, on any sense of alternative influences, argument or liteary ideals, went out the window pronto. May as well be taking about green blackbirds.’ On Dillon Johnston, Irish Poetry After Joyce: ‘almost ontological fault in reading poetry when a critic sees poets ‘individualising their traditions’; ‘blurs the creative brilliant distinction between life and art [..] the nature of the Irish literary community [...] a code-sign under which, all too often, the poet gives what is expected to the discipline of art, that essential gesture, becomes seconadary to the business of being a poet. [...] There is often a marked disdain for and patronising of “The People” [...] together with an exploitation of their historical condition.’ [29]. ‘There is a distinct unease when poetry is taken, not frivously, solemnly, or with morbid introspection, but seriously, like any other art form. Nothing more, nothing less. [...] What would Cavafy, Larkin, or Montale, [...] make of this little world of ours, at the edge of Europe, providing for export a lost childhood of post-colonial fantasies, while harbouring ambiguously the deep-rooted allurement of violence and the squalid resentments of sectarianism dressed up as politics?’ [34]. Responds to W. J. McCormack’s attack in The Battle of the Books (1986) upon Across the Roaring Hill (1985): ‘W. J. McCormack’s accusation is in a way true, because Ireland, the place we live in, is a sectarian place and we are all sucked into its perversity from childhood. There is no use pretending that we can stand above it all in some kind of pristine, theoretically immaculate and admirable order, disdainful of the sick world with which the poor misfortunates must cope as best they can. The imagination, literary or non-verbal, dries up in such thin air and as for the critical intelligence, it thrives on reality too, not the ideal. It is only when critics, as now, start to pore over the various cultural ideals on offer that the complex difficulties in relating “art” to its society becomes mined with political intentions and transcendental requirements.’ [Cont.]

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How’s The Poetry Going? (1991) - cont.: Speaks of ‘the ideological smoke of The Battle of the Books’ and remarks: ‘The central task of the critic has got lost in recent years. [...] The theoretical control induced by “crisis-mongering” can never really be accomplished because things change and life cannot be ordered to suit one plan or another. The effort to impose an intellectual order on history is the result of intellectuals not having felt sufficiently powerful in this country as a socially-acknoweledged and politically influential group [...] Those who really control power in Ireland - the industrial bosses, the political overlords and the paramilitaries - must smile at all this shadowboxing.’ [q.p.] On Regionalism: ‘Where the poet fits in, more than likely, is just to make poems and let them speak for themselves - the principal loyalty which has everything to do with his or her own private sense of a place and its people.’ [87]. On Martin Dillon’s Shankill Butchers: ‘a fearsome book [...] N. Ireland, a moral and psychic landscape traversed by men and women dedicated to violence [...] We live in a society which has methodically refused, institutionally, culturally and politically, to own up to lassitude and acceptance of violence as a means of effecting change.’ Further, ‘In some way that I have not been able to define, the lives of these ten men were surrounded by a kind of estranged ether, an emotional and intellectual current no longer earthed to the core realities of Ireland as it is today. [...] their double life as bombers and murderers and as freedom-fighters and Irish soldiers [defeats me]. [...] victims of language [...] a myth that nationalism sows in the heart.’ [“Beasts and Devils”]. On Louis MacNeice: ‘Tact and fidelity’. On Seamus Heaney’s Government of the Tongue: ‘the individualistic intensity of Heaney [...] comportment and balance, the moderate voice. [...] what shines through is a love of literature, of the Word and of being in the world. His presence is wholly affirmative.’ On Denis Donoghue: ‘a touch of disingenuousness in the title’ [viz., We Irish]. On Richard Murphy: ‘the myth of the Irish poet intercedes, bolstered very often by archaic ideas and misconceptions about the country as a whole’ [69]. See also remarks on Edna Longley [infra].

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On Belfast: ‘Belfast with its Lough, hills an surrounding countryside remains rich in possibility. One need only think of the cultural mix upon which the city is built to identify that human potential.’ (‘The revenges of the Heart: Bealfast and the Poetics of Space’, in Nicholas Allen & Aaron Kelly, eds., The Cities of Belfast, Fourt Courts Press 2003, p.210; quoted in Elaine Kelly, UG Diss., 2006.) Further, ‘What remains of Belfast’s industrial architecture has a strange marooned look to it. Similarly, the redbrick Gothic of insurance houses and banks, stores and churches, hotels and theatres which was once the city’s Victorian legacy has all but vanished [...] What has taken over, inside out as it were, is the shopping mall, the steel-framed Centre and the masked façade. These changes belie another truth, however, of the profound sectarian violence which took possession of the city from the late 1960s.’ (‘The Rest is History’, in Patricia Craig, The Belfast Anthology, Blackstaff Press, p.426; quoted in Elaine Kelly, op. cit.)

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‘A Question of Imagination: Poetry in Ireland Today’, in Michael Keneally, ed., Cultural Contexts and literary Idioms in Contemporary Irish Literature, ed. Colin Smythe 1988): ‘History is a terrible home for all Irish poets’; ‘We have a naturally poetic langauge because of the once central influence of the Irish language upon English … whatever benefits a poet can make out of this rich linguistic resource, they wil not amount to much unless the poet possesses the necessarily imaginative rigour to use it effectively.’ (p.187; cited Anne Baxter, UUC 1999.)

Thomas MacDonagh: ‘to discover in Thomas MacDonagh’s Literature in Ireland [1916] a comprehensive, committed voice, calmly stating his position on the relationship between literature and history, was a revelation ... [his] own short life adds poignancy to the writing such as one feels in regard to, say, the death of Wilfred Owen.’ (Introduction to Thomas MacDonagh, Literature in Ireland: Studies in Irish and Anglo-Irish, Relay 1996, 223pp.; extract in Causeway, Autumn 1996, pp.59-60; p.59.)

Seamus Heaney: ‘[...] When Seamus Heaney, a richly-nuanced and confident voice from the last dominion, won prominence inside the pale, his work would be read as representing Ireland, as being Ireland [...] Whatever unease he may or may not feel about this Ireland we live in does not surface in his poetry. There is an acceptance of this place as it is which ranges from the stoical to the faithful [...] Heaney’s poetry can be read as a harbinger of the postmodernist future as well as keeper of the traditional virtues.’ (‘Praising the Poet’, in Fortnight Review 344, Nov. 1995, p.22-23.)

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Smaller Journals: reflecting on Lionel Trilling’s essay ‘The Function of the Little Magazine’ in which the critic contemplates the relationship between literary excellence and political power (in The Partisan Review; rep. in The Liberal Imagination), Dawe remarks on the dearth of reviewing space given his own recent Krino anthology, noting the impact of trend-spotting publishers who pre-empt the experimental role of the magazine, and its dependence on the local nexus of subscribers; further laments that the days of the smaller journal is probably numbered. (‘Small is Beautiful’, in Fortnight, July-Aug. 1997, p.26.)

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References
Books in Print (1994): Sheltering Places (Belfast: Blackstaff 1978) [0 85640 138 2]; The Lundys Letter (Dublin: Gallery Press 1985, 1993) 0 40411 85 2; var. 063 6]; Sunday School (Dublin: Gallery Press 1991) [1 85235 064 4]; The Water Table (Belfast: Ulsterman Publications 1991); How’s the Poetry Going?, Literature and Politics in Ireland Today (Lagan Press 1991) [1 873687 00 1]; with J W Foster, The Poet’s Place, Ulster Literature and Society, Essays in Honour of John Hewitt 1907-1987 (QUB: Irish Studies Inst. 1991) [0 85 389 408 6]; also Gerald Dawe intro, Faces in a Bookshop, Irish literary portraits (Galway: Kennys 1990), 163pp [0-906312 38 X]

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