Michael Farrell

4Life
1944- ; Magherafelt, Co. Derry; ed. QUB where he founded People’s Democracy with bernadette Devlin and others; responded to RUC attack on Derry marchers by founding People's Democracy, with others, at QUB, 9 Oct. 1968; joined of the NI Civil Rights Association and organised the Burntollet Civil Rights March modelled on the American movement, 4 Jan. 1969; addressed marchers as they approached Burntollet Bridge (‘There is a good possibility that some stones may be thrown’); challenged Capt. Terence O’Neill [UU leader & Stormont PM] for the Bannside seat in Gen. Election, Feb. 1969; issued Struggle in the North (1970), a Peoples' Democracy pamphlet [as Mike Farrell], calling for a socialist solution;
 
interned Aug.-Sept. 1971; identified himself as Socialist Labour and Trotskyite; convicted of breach of the peace, 1973; went on hunger strike with Tony Canavan and released after 34 days; issued Northern Ireland: The Orange State (1976) - a defining statement of the nationalist position; later issued Arming the Protestants: The Formation of the Ulster Special Constabulary (1983), based on a PhD completed at Strathclyde U. as “Arms outside the Law: Problems of the Ulster Special Constabulary, 1920-22” (1978); worked for release of Birmingham Six and other victims of judicial miscarriage; Sheltering the Fugitive (1985) and Emergency Legislation: Apparatus of Oppression (1986) - a Field Day pamphlet;
 
contrib. “The Apparatus of Repression” to the Field Day pamhlet series (1986); opposed Section 31 of the Irish Broadcasting Act excluding Sinn Féin/IRA from air-time, introduced by Gerry Collins (Fianna Fail) in 1971, and strengthened by Conor Cruise O'Brien (Labour), in 1977; settled in Dublin and qualified as solicitor in Dublin, with a Free Legal Aid brief; co-chaired Irish Council for Civil Liberties, 1995-2001; appt. member of Irish Human Rights Commission, 2001, 2006; joined Steering Committee of the National Action Plan Against Racism, 2005; appt. to Irish Council of State by President Higgins, 2012.

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Works
  • [as Mike Farrell,] Struggle in the North (Belfast: Peoples’ Democracy 1970), pamph. [see extract].
  • ’New Nations for Old’, in Northern Star, no. 5 (1970) [Xerox copy published by Peoples Democracy, Belfast, 1970, held in Birmingham UL].
  • The Battle for Algeria (Belfast: Peoples Democracy 1973), [16pp.].
  • with Phil McCullough, Behind the Wire (Belfast: Peoples Democracy 1974), 40pp., ill.
  • Northern Ireland: The Orange State (London: Pluto Press 1976; 2nd imp. 1976), 406pp.
  • ed., with Vincent Browne, The Magill book of Irish Politics (Dublin: Magill 1981), 382pp., ill. [30cm.].
  • Arming the Protestants: The Formation of the Ulster Special Constabulary, 1920-27 (London: Pluto Press 1983), x., 374pp.
  • Sheltering the Fugitive?: The Extradition of Irish Political Offenders (Cork: Mercier 1985), 139pp.
  • Emergency Legislation: The Apparatus of Repression [Field Day Pamphlet No. 11] (Field Day Co. 1986), q.pp.

Also ed., Twenty Years On (Dingle: Brandon Press 1988), 160pp. [see contents].

Bibliographical details
Twenty Years On, ed. Michael Farrell (Dingle: Brandon Press 1988), 160pp. CONTENTS: Inez McCormack, ‘Faceless men’; Gerry Adams, ‘ A Republican in the civil rights campaign’; Michael Farrell, ‘Long march to freedom’; Bernadette McAliskey, ‘A peasant in the halls of the great’; Geoffrey Bell, ‘On the streets in Derry and London’; Carol Coulter, ‘ A view from the south’; Margaret Ward, ‘’ From civil rights to women’s rights; Ed Moloney, ‘The media’; Eilís McDermott, ‘Law and disorder’. [ISBN 0863220975]

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Commentary
Declan Kiberd, Anglo-Irish Attitudes [Field Day Pamphlets, No. 6] (Derry: Field Day 1984), p.25, cites Northern Ireland; The Orange State (1976) and underlines Farrell’s observation that the National Council for Civil Liberties’ Report of the Commission [into] the Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Acts of 1922 & 1933 (1936, rep.1972), condemned the Northern state as a ‘permanent machine of dictatorship’ which Farrell compares to fascist régimes in contemporary Europe. Kiberd adds that works on Northern Ireland by F. S. L. Lyons and Conor Cruise O’Brien are more widely read than those by Farrell and Eamon McCann. (ibid. p.24.)

Fintan O’Toole, We Don’t Know Ourselves: A Personal History (London: Bloomsbury 2021):

[...]
While we in Dublin were calling people Balubas, the revolt of Catholics and their allies among liberal Protestants and left-wingers was arguably the first white rebellion to be directly and explicitly inspired by a Black movement. The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, formed in 1967, was another example of the Americanization of Ireland. But the defining influence was not the America of capital and commodities and Westerns. It was the America of Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King. “We plagiarised an entire movement”, acknowledged the manager of the Derry museum, Adrian Kerr. “We even went as far as stealing the song.” (Kerr, Irish Times, 4 March 2017). The song was the civil rights anthem, “We Shall Overcome”, adopted almost immediately by NICRA.
 One of the key turning points in the emergence of the struggle in Northern Ireland as an international story was consciously modelled on a similar moment in US history. In January 1969, a march for civil rights, from Belfast to Derry, was organized by the student-led People”s Democracy group. When it came to Burntollet Bridge, the marchers were viciously attacked by a loyalist mob that included off-duty members of the notoriously sectarian auxiliary police force, the B-Specials. Some of the RUC members on duty tried to protect the marchers, but most stood by while they were assaulted with iron bars, bottles, and cudgels studded with nails. Burntollet Bridge was a knowing simulacrum of Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama. The main organizer of the march, Michael Farrell, wrote that “The march was modelled on the Selma−Montgomery march in Alabama in 1966, which had exposed the racist thuggery of America”s deep South and forced the US government into major reforms.” (Farrell, The Orange State, p.249.)
  If the aim was to expose the thuggish sectarianism that was woven into the bland respectability of the Northern Ireland state, Burntollet was a horrifying success. But the analogy on which it was based was problematic. Northern Ireland was not the Deep South. Organized discrimination against Catholics was outrageous, humiliating and deeply corrupt. It locked in generational poverty and undermined the pretence of equal citizenship in the United Kingdom. But its scale and depth were nothing like the legacy of slavery and the Jim Crow laws. The self-conscious claim that Catholics “viewed ourselves as Ulster”s white negroes” (Fionnbarra O Dochtartiagh, Ulster’s White Negroes, Edin. 1994, p.14.) was an appropriation of the pain of others. While for most civil rights activists such an identification was meant to imply solidarity in an international struggle for justice, it could also fuse uncomfortably with the old Christian Brothers claim that “In the martyrology of history, among crucified nations Ireland occupies the foremost place”.8 Solidarity could shade into exceptionalism.
  Nor was the strategy of revolt nearly as clear. If Selma and the rest of the civil rights struggle forced the US government into major reforms, the parallel ambition was to force the British government in London to pay attention to the conditions it had allowed to fester in Northern Ireland and enact an equally momentous series of reforms. The problem was that, while this was indeed the goal of NICRA, it was not the only agenda. Farrell suggested that the goal of his Irish Selma was also to reopen “the whole Irish question for the first time in 50 years” – in other words, to revisit the partition of 1921 and move towards a United Ireland.
  Which was the aim – to reform Northern Ireland or to wipe it off the map? The hesitation between these two purposes would prove to be fatal. Unionist reactionaries could claim, in self-justification, that the true purpose of the civil rights movement was not to end discrimination but to destroy the state and force them against their will into a Catholic-controlled thirty-two-county Ireland in which the boot of repression would merely be placed on the other foot. Nationalists could conclude that Northern Ireland was unreformable and that indeed there could be no justice without the demolition of the existing state. These were existential questions and such questions tend to be answered by violence. [...]

[Kindle edn., pp.217-219]

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Quotations

Struggle in the North (1970): ‘[...] This is no easy option. The resistance of the Protestant workers will be hard to break down but at the moment they are drifting in a vacuum, a prey to Fascism, but at the same time more receptive to socialism than ever before because their allegiance to the Unionist party is finally being destroyed. / The “moderates” and the anti-partitionists can never reach these people. The timid and prevaricating constitutional “labourites” can never hold them because their dishonesty is plain to see. There is no point in trying to trick the Protestants. It must be made clear that imperialism is the root cause of the problems of Ireland, North and South. But these people can be won if they see that a Socialist Republic is not Rome Rule in disguise and if they are recruited to an organisation of genuine socialists fighting Green Tory gombeen men in the 26 Counties as vigorously as the Orange Tories in the North. / The only solution is the building of a 32-County socialist movement fighting the immediate battles of the workers on both sides of the Border, but all the time showing that the ultimate solution is a Socialist Workers’ Republic and all the time preparing to bring it about.’ (Available online at Left Archive of The Cedar Lounge REvolution: For Lefties Too Stubborn to Quit; online; accessed 22.06.2010.)

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References
There is no entry for Farrell in Who’s Who in N. Ireland (1998 Edn.); there is a Wikipedia “Michael Farrell -activist” page [online; accessed 22.06.2010].

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